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Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, Deutsches Volkstum (Berlin: 1810).

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Friedrich Jahn is credited with inventing sports devices, such as the horizontal bar, side horse, balance beam, parallel bars, swinging rings and mats. Der grosse Brockhaus and Meyers Enzyclopedisches Lexicon, s.v. "Friedrich Ludwig Jahn."

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Friedrich Jahn and E.W. Eiselen, Deutsche Turnkunst (Berlin: 1816).

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All biographical information on Friedrich Ludwig Jahn is taken from: Fred Eugene Leonard, A Guide to the History of Physical Education (Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1947),p. 101.

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Albert Faust, The German Element in the United States (New York:The Steuben Society of America, 1927), pp. 387-393.

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Emma Palmer, "A Study of the German-American Turner-Societies," (Master's Thesis, University of Kansas, 1958),p. 44.

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Henry Albach, "History of the Turnverein," unpublished manuscript, Kansas Collection, University of Kansas.

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Lawrence City Directory 1860/61: German Turner Society, Meets at Hall No 93, New York Street, Number of Members 46. President: Michael Oswald, Secretary: Henry Weiler, Treasurer: Henry Prager, 1st Turnwart: Henry Biebusch, 2nd Turnwart: T. Steinberg.

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During Quantrill's Raid, the old Turner Hall was used as a hospital. After that, it was converted into a schoolhouse. The German Methodist Episcopal Church sold it to the Greaber brothers who used it as a tenement house until 1919. During that year, it was torn down to make room for cottages. In 1919, it was the oldest building in town. Topeka Capital "Landmark Disappears," March 11, 1919, and unidentified newspaper article, "Oldest Building here now Being Torn down," Lawrence Public Library.

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Emma Palmer, "Turner Societies," p. 77. Charter members were: S.Steinberg, H. Martin, J. Oesch, J. Assmann, C. Urech, P. Preisach, C.J. Walruff, C.R. Wyler, J. Haag, W. Zimmermann, W. Katzmann, F. Reiner, F.J. Ecke, J. Planz, G. Feil. W.A. Walter, W. Grundmann, F. Pulvermiller, C. Pulvermiller, H. Frey, C. Valentine, G. Harwig, H. Vornholt, E. Mussell, G. Siebentist.

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Tax Records of Lawrence, Douglas County, Kansas, 1860-1918. The Turners were owners of lot # 70, Rhode Island Street, 1868-1938; #72 Rhode Island Street, 1909-1938; # 3 Delaware Street, 1882-1899; #5  Delaware Street, 1893-1899.

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Elfriede Fischer Rowe, Wonderful Old Lawrence (Lawrence, Kansas: World Company, 1971), p. 121.

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Palmer, "Turner-Societies," p. 78. Boys and girls, and men and women were always taught separately. The youth classes were further divided into boys and girls between 5-8, 9-12, and 13-15. Women's classes stopped at a certain age.

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The Topeka Commonwealth, June 5, 1883.

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Lawrence Daily Journal, July 20 and July 22, 1879.

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Letter from the Lawrence Turnverein to the Atchison Turnverein on March 26, 1896, found in Atchison Turner records, Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka, Kansas.

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Emma Palmer, "Turner-Societies," p. 37.

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Die Germania, April 4, 1889. "Last Monday's theater play 'Der Schimmel', a one act comedy, was satisfactorily performed in front of a good crowd. It was the last play of this season."

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According to Elfriede Fischer Rowe, the original members of Buch's Military Band were: Buch, Schneider, two Lesch brothers, two Griggs, Yeager, Biebusch, Rhinehammer, Bell. Elfiede Fischer Rowe, Wonderful Old Lawrence, p. 42.

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Ibid., p. 40.

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Ibid.

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This information was found on the back of a picture of the "Frauenverein" in the Kansas Collection, University of Kansas, Photo RH PH 10 J 50 (J).

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The discussion of the Turner library is only based on the books found recently and now located in the Max Kade Center at the University of Kansas. These books are only a part of the original collection which included about 250 volumes. Therefore, the discussion is incomplete and might lead to other results than an examination of the total collection would have led to. American writers, for example, are not represented in the the Turner library. This can mean that they were not part of the library, or that books by American authors were taken out and kept separately.

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Marie Louise Buecker, "Family History," Douglas County Historical Society, Lawrence, Kansas.

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Elfriede Fischer Rowe, Wonderful Old Lawrence, p. 122. See also, Die Germania, December 27, 1888.

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Scott Emory, "Turnverein," Kanhistorique, June 1983.

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Die Germania, March 7, 1889. "Last Monday's masked ball given by the local Turnverein attracted most members and their children to its hall which began to fill at 9:30 p.m. At 11:30 p.m. the masks were taken down and everywhere one could hear exclamations of estonishment and surprises. The guests still stayed long after everybody had unmasked themselves, so the end of the event occurred in the early morning hours."

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Letter from Louise D. Young to Elfriede Fischer Rowe on December 30, 1970. Rowe file, Douglas County Historical Society, Lawrence, Kansas.

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In the early 1930s, the Lawrence Turnverein donated most of its gymnastic equipment to the local junior high school. Philip Ernst bought the Turner properties. Since the purchase of the hall included its interior, many Turner items are still in the Ernst family's possession.

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LaVern Rippley, The German-Americans (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1976), p.118.

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Kathleen Neils Conzen, Immigrant Milwaukee, 1836-1860: Accommodation and Community in a Frontier City (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1976), p.154.

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Elfriede Fischer Rowe, Wonderful Old Lawrence, p. 120.

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Only men or were listed as members. After the male head of household was accepted into the club, his wife and children automatically became members, too.

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Information found on the back of a photograph of the Frauenverein, Kansas Collection, University of Kansas.