| #1 | BACK |
John Bodnar, The Transplanted: A History of Immigrants in Urban America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985), p. 83.

| #2 | BACK |
For a closer examination of Bodnar's work see, John Bodnar, Worker's World, Kinship, Community, and Protest in an Industrial Society, 1900-1940; (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1982); Bodnar "Immigration, Kinship, and the Rise of Working-Class Realism in Industrial America," Journal of Social History 14 (Fall, 1980): pp. 45-65; Bodnar, Weber and Simons, "Migration, Kinship, and Urban Adaptation: Blacks and Poles in Pittsburgh, 1900-1930," Journal of American History, LXVI (December 1979); Bodnar, Weber, and Simons, Lives of their Own, (Urbana: University of Illinois Press,1982).

| #3 | BACK |
Robert Ostergren, "Kinship Networks and Migration, A Nineteenth-Century Swedish Example," Social Science History 6 (Summer 1982): pp. 293-320.

| #4 | BACK |
Bodnar, Worker's World, p. 13.

| #5 | BACK |
William Albert and his family file, Douglas County Historical Society, Lawrence, Kansas.

| #6 | BACK |
One further example of businesses opened by brothers are Leo and Simon Steinberg who operated a dry good store.

| #7 | BACK |
Kathleen Neils Conzen, Immigrant Milwaukee, 1836-1860: Accommodation and Community in a Frontier City (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1976), p. 133.

| #8 | BACK |
James Bergquist,"German Communities in American Cities: An Interpretation of the Nineteenth-Century Experience," Journal of American Ethnic History 4 (Fall 1984), p. 9.

| #9 | BACK |
Kathy Ambler, "Identity Formation in the East Lawrence Neighborhood," unpublished paper, Kansas Collection, University of Kansas; Bridget Cain, "Prostitution and 'Criminal' Behavior in Lawrence , Kansas 1900-1915," unpublished paper, Douglas County Historical Society, Lawrence, Kansas.

| #10 | BACK |
Ambler, "East Lawrence's Identity," pp. 4-7.

| #11 | BACK |
Ibid. p. 12.

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The families were first identified by place of birth in the census material. Individuals categorized as German-born were then identified by name in the city directories.

| #13 | BACK |
The lots on Massachusettses Street were divided in the north and south half. Therefore, landowners on Massachusetts Street usually owned only a half block.

| #14 | BACK |
Cain, "Prostitution and Criminal Behavior."

| #15 | BACK |
Ambler, "East Lawrence's Identity," p. 15.

| #16 | BACK |
James Malvin, "Emergency Housing at Lawrence, 1854," Kansas Historical Quarterly 21 (Summer 1954): pp. 41-42.

| #17 | BACK |
Portrait and Biographical Record of Leavenworth, Douglas County and Franklin County, p. 537

| #18 | BACK |
Kansas State Census of 1865.

| #19 | BACK |
Eleanor Pruitt Stewart, Letters of a Women Homesteader (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1914).

| #20 | BACK |
Portrait and Biographical Record of Leavenworth, Douglas and Franklin County, p. 537.

| #21 | BACK |
Ibid, p. 538.

| #22 | BACK |
John Ise, Sod and Stubble: The Story of Kansas Homestead (Linkoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1936); Howard Ruede, Sod House Days: Letters of a Homesteader 1877-1878 (New York: Columbus University Press, 1937).

| #23 | BACK |
Bodnar, Simon and Weber, Lives of their Own, p. 102.

| #24 | BACK |
Marie Jastrow, Looking Back: The American Dream through Immigrants Eyes, 1907-1918 (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1968), p. 108.

| #25 | BACK |
David Katzman, Seven Days a Week:Women and Domestic Service in Industrial America, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), p. 34.

| #26 | BACK |
Republican Daily Journal, April 18, 1869, "The Great Domestic Problem."

| #27 | BACK |
Republican Daily Journal, April 23, 1869, "The Other Side of the Great Domestic Problem."

| #28 | BACK |
Republican Daily Journal, April 28, 1869, "Social Life and Servants: A few Words more on the Domestic Problem."

| #29 | BACK |
Republican Daily Journal, May 2, 1869, "A few Words on the Domestic Problem by a Hired Girl and Foreigner."

| #30 | BACK |
Katzman, Seven Days a Week, p. 268

| #31 | BACK |
Willa Cather, My Antonia, (Boston: 1918),.p.128.

| #32 | BACK |
Louise Albert Mueller, "Wilhelm Albert Family History," unpublished manuscript, Douglas County Historical Society.

| #33 | BACK |
Kenneth Middleton, "Manufacturing In Lawrence," Master's Thesis, University of Kansas, 1940), p. 13.

| #34 | BACK |
Bodnar, The Transplanted, p. 131.

| #35 | BACK |
Claudia Borchert, "All That Remains are Letters on the Wall," unpublished manuscript, Kansas Collection, University of Kansas; Biographical Dictionary, p. 269.

| #36 | BACK |
Andreas, History of Kansas, p. 330.

| #37 | BACK |
Biographical Dictionary, p. 387.

| #38 | BACK |
Bodnar, The Transplanted, p. 136.

| #39 | BACK |
Cindy Higgins, Kansas Breweries and Beer, 1854-1991 (Eudora, Kansas: Ad Astra Press, 1992), p. 48; Biographical Dictionary, 865.

| #40 | BACK |
Bodnar, The Transplanted, p. 134.

| #41 | BACK |
Kathleen Conzen, Immigrant Milwaukee, p. 115.