INFORMATION

FOR

KANZAS IMMIGRANTS:

PREPARED BY

THOMAS H. WEBB,

SECRETARY OF THE NEW ENGLAND EMIGRANT AID CO.

TWELFTH EDITION REVISED AND ENLARGED.

BOSTON:
PRINTED BY ALFRED MUDGE AND SON

No. 21 School Street,
1857

TIME OF DEPARTURE / FARE / DIET / ROUTES / BAGGAGE /
TIME ON ROUTE / PACKING / PLEDGE / SIZE OF PARTIES /
TO TAKE OR BUY /ARMS /CATTLE, TOOLS, SEED /MEANS / FAMILIES / SHELTER / LAND / TERRITORY /TIMBER /WEATHER /RAIN / CLIMATE / POPULATION / PRODUCTIONS / GAME / PROVISIONS / PRICES / CONVEYANCE / ACCOMMODATION / BUILDING / FENCING /EMPLOYMENT / FEMALE HELP / WAGES / WANTS / RELIGION AND EDUCATION / INDIANS

OFFICE OF THE N. E. EMIGRANT AID CO.

No. 3 Winter St., Boston, March 30th. 1857

. . . . .

The Company has not endeavored, neither does it now endeavor, to entice people to go to Kanzas, - it has not paid, neither does it intend to pay, in whole or in part, the expenses of transporting invdividuals to, or of supporting them after their arrival in, the Territory.
. . . . .

The Company, it should be distinctly understood, is sending to Kanzas; it knows neither North, South, East, nor West, to the exclusion of the remainder; it is desirous of seeing the whole peopled with good men and true, who will maintain their own rights, and respect those of others; who, whilst they resolutely resist being encroached upon by the lawless and reckless, whencesoever they may come, will carefully refrain from committing unjust acts, or uttering harsh epithets against others, simply for a difference of opinion; who save in extreme cases, will rely for victory upon the teachings of the Bible and instructions of the Ballot-box, instead of the influence of the bottle and destructiveness of the musket; discarding the bottle altogether; and reserving the musket as a dernier resort.

MODES OF COMMUNICATION. - . . . . .

SOURCES OF INFORMATION. - . . . . .

TIME OF DEPARTURE. -- The first regular Spring Party left Boston for Kanzas, on Tuesday, the 3d. of March, and the Missouri river navigation being now open, Parties will have an opportunity of leaving at least weekly, throughout the season. Tuesday will be the regular Party-day. But, as heretofore, individuals who prefer it, will be ticketed any day, save Sunday, though they will be more sure of company by starting on the regular Party days.

FARE. --Passage fare First Class (and no other is recommended,) for each adult, from here to Kanzas City, Mo., or to Wyandotte City, or Quindaro, * will be thirty-three dollars, (to Leavenworth, + one dollar additional) until the Summer arrangement of railroads and steamboats is made, after which it will be somewhat less; for children between the ages of 14 and 4 years, half-price; under 4 years, passage free; over 14 years full price. Tickets must be procured at this Office, or through some authorized Agent of the Company, and they should be obtained when practicable, the day previous to departure. Those who may join a Party on the line of route beyond the limits of this State, will in most cases be furnished with Tickets at the regular railroad offices.

MEALS AND LODGING. - . . . . .

DIET. -- Persons cannot be too cautious in regard to this, more especially whilst on the Boats of the Western Rivers. The style of living differs so essentially from that to which most have been accustomed, and there is so much to tempt and pamper the appetite, that very few can indulge freely, without suffering some inconvenience, and often very serious consequences. The only prudent, as well as the safest course, is to select the plainest food, cooked in the simplest manner.

ROUTES, TARRYING PLACES, &c.--The Parties, unless they prefer continuous travel, will spend the first night at Springfield, if the Western route, --at Rutland, if the Fitchburg route, --is taken; lodging and breakfast 75 cents. If the New York and Erie Railroad route is selected, the first night may be spent on board of a Sound Steam Boat, which will afford an opportunity for a good night's rest after the fatigue and excitement preceding and attendant upon departure. Thus refreshed, the remainder of the journey can be accomplished with comparative ease. The cost of Boat-meals, fifty cents each. Subsequently, accidents excepted, the journey, whichever route is selected, will be continued uninterruptedly to St. Louis, unless a Sunday intervenes.
     The first Parties will necessarily go, most of the distance to St. Louis, by Railroad. As soon as the Lake Erie navigation re-opens, that route will be preferable, as it will afford an opportunity for a second night's rest.
     The route to which we are disposed to give the preference from St. Louis, is the Pacific Railroad to Jefferson City, and thence up by connecting line of Steamboats. By taking this course (if the connections are regularly made) there will be a saving in time of at least twenty-four hours; a matter of importance to families with children. Individuals and baggage will be conveyed to and from the Railroad free of charge. . . . . .

AMOUNT OF BAGGAGE. --Each whole ticket entitles the holder to carry 100 lbs. of baggage; half-price ticket 50 lbs. All excess will be charged at the rate of from $3.00 to $4.00 per 100 lbs. If sent as freight, the charge will be from here to St. Louis $2.35 per 100 lbs. In either case, from St. Louis to Leavenworth and intermediate places the cost will vary from 1/4 of a cent to 2 1/2 cents the pound, according to the season of the year, and the competition prevailing. It usually being at its minimum, in midsummer, and at its maximum, early in the Spring and late in the Fall. From Wyandotte to Lawrence the charge will be about 50 cts. the hundred.

TIME ON THE ROUTE.--From a week to ten days will be consumed in making the journey from Boston to the place of disembarkation: rarely less time than the former, seldom more than the latter, will be required.

PACKING AND DIRECTING.--All baggage must be packed in trunks, chests, or very moderate size well made boxes, with strong handles; in no case must large boxes, or barrels, be used. Railroad Companies will not take these as baggage; they must be sent by Freight Train. Ricketty packages of any kind will not be received either as baggage or freight.
     The owner's name and place of destination should be conspicuously marked on his baggage; and in addition, the following in large letters --

KANZAS PARTY'S BAGGAGE

CHECKS FOR BAGGAGE. - . . . . .

CHANGE OF BAGGAGE. - . . . . .

FREIGHT. - . . . . .

SHIPPING FREIGHT. - . . . . .

NO PLEDGE REQUIRED.--The emigrants come under no written or verbal obligation or pledge to the Company; they leave here free agents, and it is hoped they will continue so to be. Still, knowing that the great object is to secure freedom for all, it is presumed that no one will avail of the advantages and privileges that may be secured through the Company's means, and then war against its principles.
     If, however, Parties entertaining adverse sentiments, desire to be forwarded by the Company, it will be done cheerfully, under the full conviction that when they see the great benefits, and decided advantages resulting from free labor, a large majority of them will become worthy and efficient allies.
     The Company does expect, however, that all who go out under its auspices will do so with the intention of becoming actual settlers.
     Neither is it necessary for an individual who purposes removing to Kanzas, to become a member of the Company, in order to join one of its Parties. Unless such an one has ample means, instead of subscribing for Stock, let him husband his means, in order to make them as available as possible after he arrives at his new abode.

SIZE OF PARTIES.--Parties, for their own comfort and convenience, should not exceed fifty persons; and a larger number the writer does not advise to go at once; neither is there a necessity for it, so frequent opportunities offer for going; indeed, a less number would be still better.
. . . . .
      Those who go out early in the Spring will of course meet with more annoyance than those who leave later; but, on the other hand, they will have a greater choice as regards location, and will sooner enjoy the right of exercising the glorious privileges of freemen; a matter of great moment to them, and of vast moment to all who may subsequently become citizens of the Territory.

TEMPORARY ORGANIZATIONS. -- . . . . .

WHAT TO TAKE, AND WHERE TO BUY.--Most articles not owned, it will be unnecessary to purchase prior to reaching St. Louis or Lawrence, or some other of the principal settlements. Good clothing, suited for service, not for show, such as is adapted for this section of the Country, also bedding, (not beds, on account of their bulk,) and perhaps some choice articles of furniture, had better be sent along; but most of the necessaries for house-keeping, also agricultural implements, &c., can be obtained on reasonable terms as elsewhere.--Mechanics, who will require their tools immediately, had better carry them even at baggage prices; time being to them money, they will save by this course.

ARMS.--Should they be taken along for protection against Indians, for hunting, &c.? Our opinion of the red man is that as a general rule, if treated kindly and met as a man, he will behave like a man; but if treated like a wild beast, you must expect him to conduct like one. Still, as impositions are constantly being practiced on him, and trespasses committed upon his rights, by vagabonds of our own race--of instances of which we ourselves have had repeated cognizance--it is not impossible, though hardly probable, that some roving bands from the distant plains, or fastnesses of the Rocky Mountains, may under exasperation, make their appearance on the borders; and as "an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure," and "discretion is the better part of valor," it would be well for all to go prepared for such emergencies.
     Besides, it would be somewhat vexatious to a hungry man (and one who intends to be a pioneer must expect often to be a-hungered) to see game fleeting by him, which might have furnished him many a good meal, and be none the better for it, because, presuming there was no use for powder and ball, he went to his new home without them. Thus did not the hardy pioneers of the days of our ancestors. Moreover, wolves, rattlesnakes, and other reptiles of various forms, will be occasionally encountered, or be detected around the claims; and although the former, like many enemies in human shape, who make much noise, are great cowards, and seldom attack one, excepting when they are sure of an advantage, it is advisable to be prepared to give them a warm reception.
. . . . .

CATTLE, FARMING TOOLS, SEED, &c.--The price of good working cattle, horses, cows, &c., is nearly the same in Kanzas and its vicinity as in New England; perhaps rather cheaper. The price of cows has heretofore ranged from $25 to $35; oxen per yoke, from $50 to $100; horses from $75 to $100 each; common sheep from $1,50 to $2,50 each.
. . . . .

CONSULT COMPANY'S AGENTS. - . . . . .

MEANS.--As regards the amount of means requisite to make a person "comfortable," people will vary in their estimate, according to their ideas of what constitutes comfort. With a hundred dollars clear of expenses, wherewith to commence territorial life, a person of good moral habits, and reasonable and moderate desires, should be able always to keep above want, whatever pursuit or avocation he may follow, whether that of a farmer, mechanic, or laborer; provided he is blessed with ordinary health, and proves active, energetic, and industrious. One having a family with him will need additional means, varying in amount, with the number and efficiency of its members.

FAMILIES.--Whether or not to take one's family along, or go ahead and prepare the way for it, depends on many circumstances, varying greatly in different cases, a knowledge of which is essential, satisfactorily to decide the question. Where the wife is feeble, has an infant, or several young children, or from any cause cannot lend a helping hand, she had better remain behind, until the new home is provided for her; or if taken along, she had better be boarded at the nearest convenient place to the spot selected for a location. If, on the other hand, the woman is the man, or is in truth a helpmate, and can cheerfully submit to roughing it for a while, if the children be of an age and character suited to prove serviceable, let them be taken along. If families remain back, it will be unnecessary to return for them, as there will always be some one going out under whose charge they can be placed.

TEMPORARY SHELTER.--The quickest, cheapest, and most comfortable way of securing shelter, at the outset, is to take along tents. These should be procured on the way out, at St. Louis. One of sufficient size to lodge four or five individuals may be had for from $8 to $10.*(see further on page 35.)
     Colonies are earnestly advised to take with them, and families who settle in the same neighborhood to club together and procure, at least one portable house for the comfort of the sick, the convenience of the feeble, and protection against stormy weather.

LAND WARRANTS. - . . . . .

LAND, HOW ACQUIRED.--There are no Government gift lands in Kanzas. The land is to be purchased of the United States, at $1,25 per acre; 160 acres and no more can be taken, and this only by an actual settler in person; the individual must be a citizen of the United States, or have filed his declaration of intention to become such, and either be the head of a family, or a widow, or a single man, over the age of 21 years. . . . . .

PUBLIC SURVEYS. - . . . . .

LAND OFFICE. - . . . . .

LAND DISTRICTS. - . . . . .

CLAIMS. - . . . . .

EXTENT OF TERRITORY.--To quiet the fears of those who apprehend that all of the desirable portions of the Territory have been, or in a short time will be, secured, it may be sufficient to say that there are millions of acres from which farm lots may now be selected, and that the quantity of land open to pre-emption is sufficient to accommodate seventy-five thousand families, embracing half a million of individuals. It contains an area of 126,283 square miles or 80,821,120 acres,--it is three times as large as Ohio, and fourteen times the size of Massachusetts. It is capable of being divided into ten States, representing in number of square miles, Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland and South Carolina. . . . . .

WOOD AND TIMBER. -- To the oft made inquiry - is there an abundance of timber in the Territory? - the answer must be modified somewhat, according to the hailing place of the interrogator. If he be from Maine, we should reply, no; if from Illinois, we should answer, there is a fair supply. In other words there is not an extreme scarcity, and there is far from an overabundance of wood; sufficient can be procured on reasonable terms for all ordinary purposes. The advantage resulting from the limited supply is far greater than the disadvantage; for the consequence is a freedom from roots and stumps, the frequent occurrence of which, in many sections of our Country, proves a serious inconvenience to the Agriculturist, and requires for removal an expenditure of much time, money, and labor, in order to place the ground in an arable condition. . . . . .

WEATHER. -- . . . . .
     At Lawrence during the Winter of 1854-'55, there was not necessarily any severe or long continued suffering from the inclemency of the weather. Gov. Reeder stated that a fire was not needed the last of December, 1854; and a resident at the Company's Settlement writes that "on the 27th of December, mechanics and others were comfortably at work in the open air without their coats, whilst the few idlers were basking in the sun like snakes in June." There was not, however, an entire freedom from cold and stormy weather. Up to the close of the year, there occurred but one fall of snow, which was to the depth of two inches, and disappeared within three days; in January, 1855, only five inches of snow fell.
. . . . .
     According to Thermometrical Tables carefully kept at Lawrence by the late Dr. H. Clark, the average temperature in November 1854, at sunrise, was 29° F.; at 1 o'clock, P.M., 49 1/2°; and at 1/4 of an hour past sunset 44 1/3°. The average in December 1854, at the same periods was 25 1/4°, 49°, and 42°; and in January 1855, 23°, 39°, and 32 1/2°. . . . . .
     Where we would ask, could a more delightful temperature be found? None who have designed to make Kanzas their homes need to be deterred from coming from any fear in respect to extreme cold.
     During the winter of 1855-'56 there was some very severe weather in the Territory. A portion of December and January proved colder than has any corresponding period for more than twenty years. Under date of December 29th, the Editor of the Herald of Freedom writes, the thermometer has ranged between zero and 22° below that point, for the last week, for which he cannot account, excepting upon the supposition "that the weather table of the latitude of Quebec has been substituted for that of Kanzas." The latter part of January, snow was six inches deep at Lawrence, and in the river bottoms, at some places, there were drifts, several feet in depth; the ground was frozen a foot and a half deep, and the river was covered with ice of the same thickness.
     Since the publication of the eleventh edition of this Pamphlet, our friends have passed through another Summer, Autumn, and Winter. During most of the period, though comparatively little exposed to the "warring elements" of Nature, they have endured much from the warring passions of man. For a large portion of the time there was no public record of the weather kept, the enemies of progress having destroyed the Press, it being an engine of power against the spread of the doctrines advocated and attempted to be enforced by them. With its resuscitation, late in the Fall, we are again put in possession of some, though as yet meager, meteorological intelligence.
     The last week in December, 1856, the weather was very beautiful, but quite cold. The earth was free from snow; the roads were good. The Kanzas river was frozen over so that teams crossed on the ice. Dec. 22d. the Thermometer was at zero. The coldest day the past Winter at Lawrence was Jan. 1, 1857, when the Thermometer indicated 12° below zero at 9 o'clock, A.M.
     In the remoter sections of the Territory, more especially at those places where the settlers arrived out too late in the Fall seasonably to prepare for the Winter, some suffering was endured, but no deaths occurred in consequence as did, in what are usually deemed more favored portions of the Country.
     The past Winter however, should not, any more than the preceding one, be taken as the true index of the character of that season in Kanzas; for both have been rigorously severe and extraordinary throughout the Union, and also in various other sections of this and the European Continent.
. . . . .
     From the best information we can gather, we are satisfied that the winters are usually mild, and there is rarely sufficient snow for sleighing. A gentleman of high respectability told the writer, that soon after he took up his residence near Kanzas, (which is now many years since,) he purchased an excellent, new sleigh, which he used a few times that winter, and before another opportunity occurred (several years subsequently) the vehicle was so far decayed as to be utterly unserviceable.
     On the subject of winter weather we have dwelled at some length, as numerous inquiries have been and are constantly being made in regard to it.
. . . . .

RAIN. -- The annual fall of rain is under thirty inches. The rainiest period, usually, is from May 10th to June 10th; during which, and at all times when severe rain storms occur, the roads are somewhat heavy, the creeks troublesome to ford, and travelling becomes tedious. There is very little rain in Midsummer or Autumn; sometimes indeed, scarcely as much as is desirable for farming purposes. During the rainy period, very few days pass by without the sun being seen, at least for a short time.
     The seasons for the last two years instead of being wet and unpleasant, have proved of a character the most advantageous to farmers. The variations are sudden, but less so than in Pennsylvania and the western section of New York. Some Farmers commenced their Spring work this year (1857) in February.

CLIMATE* AND DISEASES. --

      "The only objection we have found to the climate of Kanzas, thus far," (says the Herald of Freedom,) "is the heavy winds; which usually blow from one to three days at a time over the prairies, making it rather disagreeable to be exposed out of doors. We think the wind and storms are not more violent than in Western Pennsylvania and Eastern Ohio.
     Professional men pronounce the climate a remarkably healthy one, admirably adapted to those having a tendency to diseases of the lungs. It is in a great measure free from that pest of many Western places, intermittents, or fever and ague; (chills and fever, or shakes as popularly termed;). . . . . .
     Prior to the appearance of the cholera, a period of six years elapsed without a single death occurring, to the knowledge of Dr. Lykins*, between Kanzas City, Mo., and the region of the Big Blue, in the vicinity of Fort Riley; a distance of 125 miles West.
. . . . .

. . . . . A large portion of the cholera cases of which we hear so much, particularly on the Western waters, and at the river towns, result from gross imprudence; as is evident from the fact that from two thirds to three fourths of them break out early in the week, i.e. after the excesses indulged in, Saturday nights, and on Sundays. In Winter, a few coughs and colds, and some cases of pneumonia or lung fever are met with; --but little else.
     During the year 1856, there was comparatively little sickness at the Settlements, excepting where superinduced by the inhuman and illegal treatment experienced from the enemy.
     A close observer says, "we believe that Kanzas will prove to be as healthy as any of the Western States. From its altitude, its dry, pure, and refreshing atmosphere, and the absence of low swamp lands, it will probably be one of the most salutary portions of the County."
     "In Lawrence, we are confident there has been less sickness and fewer deaths among the resident population, than in a great majority of towns of an equal population in the old States."

POPULATION. -- The Squatter Sovereign, (the most ultra pro-slavery paper in the Territory,) says, "we have now [Fall of 1856,] between 60,000 and 70,000 people, and before the next Congress assembles, we shall probably have double that number." Of this number, from the most reliable information we can procure, four fifths are free-soil advocates.

PRODUCTIONS. -- Both by soil and climate, Kanzas is admirably adapted for Fruit Culture. Apples, Peaches, Pears, Plums, Grapes, and Strawberries, attain great perfection. The writer exhibited at one of the Horticultural Exhibitions in this city, samples of several varieties of Apples, which attracted much attention, and were pronounced and reported upon by judges as remarkable for their size and superior flavor. . . . . . Corn, Wheat, Rye, Oats, Potatoes, (common and sweet) Barley, most kinds of Garden Vegetables, all have a luxuriant growth, and yield abundant harvests. Melons attain a high degree of perfection; . . . . .
     Among the native products are two varieties of Grape, a very fine Plum, the Crab-Apple, (affording a fine grafting stock,) the Pawpaw, Hazel Nut, Pecan Nut, Walnut, Yonkapin, &c. Among the smaller fruit may be mentioned the Raspberry, Strawberry, and Gooseberry.

GAME. -- Game is quite abundant in some sections of the Territory, though but little occurs in others. Several varieties of squirrels, ducks, geese, turkies, prairie hens, &c., were seen by the writer. In the Niosho valley and other parts, deer are found. Herds of buffalo were within sight from Fort Riley, while the writer was in that section although the present regular range of this animal, which is likely soon to become extinct, is farther W. and N.W.
     The streams abound with gar, buffalo, whitefish, and a large variety of others of the finny tribe.

PROVISIONS. -- There has been no deficiency of these; (excepting during periods of, and consequent upon, disturbances;) for in Lawrence, as elsewhere, the demand produced a supply, by prompting those residing on the borders of the Territory to bring their abundance to the Settlement; and the competition was sufficient to keep prices reasonable. This undoubtedly will hold true at other Settlements.
. . . . .

PRICES CURRENT. -- As inquiries are constantly being made respecting the cost of various articles, we have appended to this Pamphlet, Prices Current showing the state of the market at the Company's first Settlements; Lawrence and Topeka. The prices, with slight variations, will probably answer for the other Settlements.

MODES OF CONVEYANCE. -- Vehicles are very frequently passing between the various points of disembarkation and Lawrence and Topeka, by which means those who intend locating in the vicinity of said towns, will be conveyed there, for about four dollars the passage. Persons and Parties destined for other sections of the Territory, may engage conveyance, on reasonable terms, at Kanzas City; or will probably adopt the course pursued by some who have preceded them; viz., those who intend to be Farmers will purchase their teams, and thus afford means for taking along the baggage of all their associates. . . . . . There is a regular line of Stages between Kanzas City and Lawrence, also between Leavenworth and Fort Riley, passing through Manhattan; also between Leavenworth, Topeka and Lawrence, - Topeka, Lawrence and Kanzas City, - Kanzas City and Osawatomie. Col. Eldridge will run a line between Wyandotte City and Lawrence; fare three dollars.
     One or more steamboats and flat boats, constructed for the purpose, will ply on the Kanzas River, ascending to Lawrence, and as much higher as the stage of the water and the encouragement extended to the enterprise will warrant. Fare from Wyandotte, and probably Quindaro, to Lawrence, will be three dollars; time occupied about ten hours.
. . . . .

ACCOMMODATION IN THE TERRITORY -- . . . . .
    At Lawrence the company erected a commodious stone Hotel, 50 by 70 feet, three stories high, exclusive of basement. It was pronounced the finest structure of the kind west of St. Louis. This Hotel was destroyed May 21st. 1856, by a legalized mob, "acting under the direction of the Courts, the Marshal, and the Sheriff of the County of Douglas," - "the Grand Jury " having declared this and the Presses to be "nuisances."
     The work of rebuilding this, on a more extensive scale than the original, has already been commenced, and it will be completed as early this season as practicable.
     Hotel charges will be from $1 to $1.50 per day.
     Many private families in Lawrence will temporarily board new comers for a reasonably moderate compensation, whilst they are determining where permanently to locate. Good board and lodging can be afforded at from $3 to $4 per week, without private rooms - single meals at twenty-five cents - a night's lodging at the same price. The charges at the other settlements will not vary materially from the above; at all events should not be greater.

COST OF BUILDING. -- This of course must vary according to the material used, the size and style of the house, &c., &c. The main aim at first, when so many important matters will require attention, should be to put up a cheap, temporary shelter, which ought to be done, with the least possible delay. A tent costing from $8.00 to $15.00 will accommodate five or six persons, tolerably well. A stone house, somewhat similar to the concrete form, may be built for from 12 1/2 to 14 cents the cubic foot; 14 to 16 cents when contracted for, - the work itself costing from 7 to 9 cents. A house thus constructed, a story and a half high, will cost, ready for occupancy, from $300 to $500. A permanent log house of the same dimensions, from $100 to $250; one suitable for transient occupancy, from $50 to $100; the former would require the labor of four hands for two weeks, the latter the same number for one week.
     In all cases, avoid lying immediately on the damp ground or green grass.. . . . . Avoid building in the low bottoms, on the banks of the streams, or among the timber on the borders; the more elevated the site, the less liability to sickness.
     . . . . .

FENCING, &C. -- Rails may be purchased for from $3 to $5 per hundred, delivered. To fence with rails will cost about sixty cents per rod; stone walls can be built for about one dollar per rod; sod inclosures for 25 to 40 cents per rod; and what is known in the Territory as picket fence, for forty cents per rod.

TIME OF COMMENCING FARM WORK, ITS COST, THE KIND AND VALUE OF CROPS, &c -- . . . . . .

EMPLOYMENT. -- Work is not guaranteed by the Company to any one; but wherever settlements already are, or hereafter may be started, good mechanics will find employment at remunerative prices; particularly shoemakers, machinists, sash and door makers, carpenters, masons, blacksmiths, harness-makers, brick-makers, &c.
. . . . .

FEMALE HELP. -- is very much wanted at all of the settlements; and hundreds of honest, industrious young women, who barely maintain an existence, and only by constant hard labor, and the extreme of frugality, are enabled to secure a scanty subsistence in the Atlantic States, would very materially better their condition in Kanzas.

WAGES. -- These of course must vary much with the wants of the employer, and the qualifications of the employee. At Fort Riley, where Government has been erecting extensive stables, and other buildings, giving employment to many hundreds of mechanics and laboring men, the rates when the writer was there, were as follows, viz.: Common laborers received $1.50 per day and board; ordinary Masons $2.40 per day and board; Master Masons and Master Lime Burners $3.00 per day and board; Wood Choppers, $1.25 per day and board; Teamsters, $1.00 per day, the year round, and board; they having nothing to do with the loading and unloading of the teams.

WANTS. -- at particular Settlements: for these see p. 95

WORKING POWER. -- . . . . .

RELIGION AND EDUCATION. -- At Lawrence there are several regularly constituted Religious Societies of various denominations; viz.: Congregationalists, Unitarians, Methodists, Baptists, and United Brethren. A free school is established there, in which the ordinary branches are taught, and measures are in train to found an Academy for instruction in the higher branches. An Athenaeum has also been instituted; by members of which discussions are regularly held, and lectures delivered. Connected with this Institution is a Public Library. Sunday School Libraries also exist there.
. . . . .
     An extremely interesting and enthusiastic meeting was held in Lawrence on Christmas day, (1856) to take the initiatory steps for establishing a College, and for memorializing Congress to grant lands for the endowment and support of a University and other Institutions of Learning. . . . . .
     Mr. Albert Yates, who resides about 5 miles S.W. of Lawrence, at Yates's crossing of the Wakarusa, has erected a school house and employed a teacher at his own expense. He generously allows all, who choose, to participate in the advantages thus afforded. "Mr. Y. is a Free State Man, born and raised in a Slave State;" loving Freedom better than Slavery, he removed to Kanzas.

LIBRARIES. -- . . . . .

INDIANS. -- From the Indians, the original and rightful owners of the soil, the settler has nothing to fear, so long as in his intercourse with them, he squares his conduct by the Golden Rule. The poor native has in times past suffered more, and now has far more to apprehend, from the white man, than the white man from him. Most of those with whom the settlers will come in contact, are in what we call, a semi-civilized state; they are not roving, "wild Indians," here to-day and there to-morrow, but have permanent locations, cultivate the soil, raise some cattle, sow and plant; and from them, on fair terms, the immigrants may obtain vegetables, fencing stuff, &c. &c.
    Many of these, particularly among the Shawnees, the Wyandottes, and the Delawares, are highly intelligent, and have a good common school education; among them will be found active and shrewd business men; some speak French and English almost as fluently as their native tongue; and among the females some may be met with who have received instruction in Music and Drawing. . . . . .
    Among most of the tribes, Protestant and Catholic Missions have been established for many years, and have accomplished much good. Until recently, the Friends and the Baptists have supported schools in the Shawnee Reserve. . . . .    

                 Boston, March, 15th., 1856

To Editors and other Friends,

          Please direct attention to this Pamphlet, which is for gratuitous distribution, and thereby subserve the cause of Freedom, Justice, and Truth.

           Respectfully Yours,

                THOMAS H. WEBB

TIME OF DEPARTURE / FARE / DIET / ROUTES / BAGGAGE /
TIME ON ROUTE / PACKING / PLEDGE / SIZE OF PARTIES /
TO TAKE OR BUY /ARMS /CATTLE, TOOLS, SEED /MEANS / FAMILIES / SHELTER / LAND / TERRITORY /TIMBER /WEATHER /RAIN / CLIMATE / POPULATION / PRODUCTIONS / GAME / PROVISIONS / PRICES / CONVEYANCE / ACCOMMODATION / BUILDING / FENCING /EMPLOYMENT / FEMALE HELP / WAGES / WANTS / RELIGION AND EDUCATION / INDIANS